Python's collections module implements specialized container datatypes providing alternatives to Python’s general purpose built-in containers, dict, list, set, and tuple. This module has the following containers: 11. Counter() 22. namedtuple() 33. deque() 44. defaultdict() 55. OrderedDict() 66. UserDict() 77. …

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Lambda The Lambda function, also known as an anonymous or inline function, is a way to create a function without giving it a name. This can be useful when you need to define a function that will only be used once, or when you want to pass a function as an argument to another function. Here is an example of using a …

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Bit Manipulation Bit manipulation is a technique used in computer science to manipulate data at the level of its binary representation. This can be useful for a variety of tasks, such as low-level optimization, data compression, and cryptography. At its core, bit manipulation involves working with individual bits, …

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Dynamic programming is a method for solving complex problems by breaking them down into smaller subproblems. It is a mathematical optimization technique that is mainly used for solving problems that exhibit the properties of overlapping subproblems and optimal substructure. The basic idea behind dynamic programming is …

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Logarithms are mathematical operations that are the inverse of exponentiation. In other words, if we have a base b and an exponent x, the logarithm of the resulting number y to the base b is x. This can be written as log_b(y) = x. For example, the logarithm of 1000 to base 10 is 3, because 10^3 = 1000. Similarly, the …

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Breadth-first search (BFS) and depth-first search (DFS) are two algorithms for traversing graphs. These algorithms are used to search for specific nodes or to find the shortest path between two nodes in a graph. BFS The breadth-first search (BFS) algorithm is a graph traversal algorithm that explores all of the …

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